Basics of Computer 2

hello learners I am Sapna Shukla former assistant professor from MIT school of

engineering and technology Amity University in this video we are going to cover basics of computer computers have

become very important in our day to day life and it is being used by every person be it a scientist businessman

politician or a layman this video has the following learning objectives to

understand computer and its applications to understand the main components of a

computer to learn the various input devices to learn the various output

devices to learn about software and its classification to learn about computers

language and its classification now the very first question is what is a

computer computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as

input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions

which are called program gives the result in form of output and saves it for the future use data can be anything

like marks obtained by you in various subjects it can also be name age sex

weight height etc of all the students in a class this data can be used to produce

the desired information in the form of mark sheet with grade as per percentage of marks we also can define a computer

as per the functions it performs a computer can accept data store data

process data as desired and retrieved the stored data as and when required and

print the result in the desired form you can see two computers a desktop computer

and a laptop on the screen this slide shows how an input is being processed by

the computer and then it is converted to an output now let us go to an see some

applications there are various applications of computers in today's arena life without computers would be

unimaginable today computer is used in business organization for payroll calculations budgeting sales

analysis financial forecasting managing employees database maintenance of stocks

etc we have the next application in banking banks provide following

facilities banks provide online accounting facility which includes current balances deposits overdrafts

interest charges shares and trustee records ATM machines which are making it

even easier for customers to deal with banks is also a form of computer the

next application we have in insurance field insurance companies are keeping all records up to date with the help of

computers the insurance companies finance houses and stock broking firms

are widely using computers for their concerns insurance companies are maintaining a

database of all clients with information showing procedure to continue with the policies starting date of the policies

next you installment of a policy maturity date interest you survival

benefits bonus the computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education

system also the computer provides a tool in the education system known as

computer-based education which is CBE CBE involves control delivery and

evaluation of learning the computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students

there are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students it is

used to prepare a database about performance of a student an analysis is being carried out on this basis in

marketing we use computers with computers advertising professionals

create art and graphics write and revise copy and print and disseminate ads with

the goal of selling more products home shopping has been made possible through use of computerized catalogs that

provide access to the product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers we

are using computers in healthcare also computers have become important part in hospitals labs and dispensary

the computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines it is also used in

scanning and diagnosing different diseases ECG EEG ultrasounds CT scans

etc are also being done by computerized machines some major fields of healthcare

in which computers are being used are diagnostic system computers are being

used to collect data and identify cause of illness lab diagnostic systems in

this all tests are being done and reports are being prepared by computer we also have patient monitoring system

these are used to check patient signs for abnormality such as cardiac arrest

ECG etc farmer information system is also there with checks drug labels

expiry dates harmful drug side effects etc nowadays it is also being used in

surgery computers are widely used for engineering purposes also one of the

major areas is computer-aided design for short we say CAD it provides creation

and modification of images some of the fields in which CAD is being used is

structural engineering where in stress and strain analysis for design of ships

buildings budgets airplanes etcetera is being done Industrial Engineering

computers deliver design implementation improvement of integrated systems of

people materials and equipments we're also using it in architectural

engineering computers help in planning towns designing buildings determining a

range of buildings on a site using both 2d and 3d drawings it is also being used

in military computers are largely used in defense military also employs computerized control systems some

military areas where a computer has been used on missile control military communication military operation and

planning and smart weapons it is also being used in communication communication means to convey a message

an idea a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and

correctly by a person for whom it is meant for some main areas in this category are email

chatting Usenet FTP telnet video conferencing we are also using it for

government purposes computers play an important role for the government some

major fields of this category are budgets sales tax department income tax

department we are also doing male-female ratio count computerization of voter

lists computerization of driving license system computerization of pan card weather forecasting all is being done by

computers we are talking about a governance today the variety of application suggests that we have got

different characteristics of a computer that is the reason we are able to use the computer in so many fields the first

characteristic is high speed computer is a very fast device it is capable of performing calculations a very large

amount of data the computer has units of speed in terms of microsecond nano second and even Pico second the next

characteristic is accuracy the in addition to being very fast computers

are very accurate the calculations are nearly 100% error free computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided

that we as a user have given correct input and the correct logic to it the

next characteristic of a computer is storage capability memory is very important characteristic of a computer a

computer has much more storage capacity than human beings it can store large amount of different types of data such

as images videos text audio and many other forms the next characteristic of a

computer is diligence diligence is like

human beings what we do is we get bored with some work but a computer is free from monotony tiredness and lack of

concentration Vee as a human if we have to do a repeated work we get bored but a

computer can do a repeated work with the same speed and accuracy the next

characteristic of a computer is versatility as we saw in many applications you know there are a

variety of applications that are there in the computer a computer you know is a versatile machine it

versatile we know from the applications which this can be used to solve problems ranging from engineering problems to

laymen problems and there are you know a lot of applications which we are using in computers the next characteristic of

a computer is reliability computer is a reliable machine modern electronic

components have long lives and hence nowadays we all rely on computers the

next characteristic of a computer is automation automation means ability to

perform a given task automatically so once a program is given to the computer that is stored in the computer's memory

the program and instruction can control the program execution without human

interaction so this is what is automation the next characteristic of the computer is obviously reduction in

paperwork everything is on the computer the use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in

paperwork and results in speeding up a process as data in electronic files can

be retrieved as in when required the problem of maintenance of large number of paper file gets reduced the next is

obviously reduction in cost though the initial investment for installing a

computer is high obviously but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transactions next let us go and

understand what are the different main components of a computer so here you can

see there is an input unit we have the CPU CPU has got memory unit control unit

arithmetic logic unit and we have got an output unit so what does an input unit do it's a unit which contains devices

with the help of which we enter data into the computer this unit makes link

between user and the computer the input devices translate the information into

the form understandable by the computer let us come next to the CPU CPU is

considered as the brain of the computer CPU performs all types of data processing operation it stores data

intermediate results and instructions in the form of programs it also controls

the operation of all parts of the computer CPU its self has got many parts the memory unit

the control unit the arithmetic logical unit the next we have the output unit

the output unit is a device which will actually display the result after the

computer processes the data using CPU so the output is basically output unit will

convert the computer understandable data into human readable form and will

display it on the output devices then we have the next this is the central

processing unit here you can see the CPU chips being used and as I told it is the

brain of the computer and has three components ALU memory unit control unit so the ALU

basically is the arithmetic logic unit so it has got an arithmetic section analogical section function of

arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operation like addition subtraction multiplication and division

we also have logical section function of the logic section is to perform logical

operations such as comparing selecting matching merging of data we also have

memory unit so memory unit is basically you can say it's the RAM part of the CPU

it is basically whatever processing the computer has to do will be temporarily stored in the memory unit let's go to

the control unit what is the function of the control unit the CPU has a control unit now this unit controls the

operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations functions of this

unit are it is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a

computer it manages and coordinates all the units of the computer it obtains the

instructions from the memory interprets them and directs the operation of the computer it communicates with IO devices

for transfer of data or results from storage it does not process or store data but it

controls all the operations so that is the work of the control unit a very very important unit sub component of the CPU

now let us go to the input devices now as we already saw

input devices accept data and instructions from the user we have different forms of input devices we have

keyboard mouse light pen optical magnetic scanners touchscreen microphone

Tran bonds so let us go and see one by one the first one is the keyboard we

already know about keyboard anybody who is using desktop computer or a laptop has already seen a keyboard the keyboard

in most common use is the QWERTY board generally standard keyboard has one zero

four keys actually it is basically very common so let's not go into details of

it then we have a mouse a mouse is an electromechanical handheld device it is

used to control the moving icons on the windows operating system you can use it to start programs and for choosing

options but obviously you cannot use a mouse or to enter text so that is what

is the purpose of a mouse then we nowadays we have got different types of mouse this is a diagram of a mechanical

mouse which has got a tracker and a ball inside which rotates ok so it is

basically uses an internal magnetically coated ball to detect the movement of the mouse across a flat surface and

usually used with a desktop and you know keeping a clean is very important we

also have optical mouse which uses laser technology we also have wireless mouse

wherein you don't require these type of wires over here we also have a variation

which is a trackball so trackball is a pointing device and is a mouse which is

lying on its back to move the pointer you rotate the ball with your thumb your fingers on the palm of your hand and

there are usually 1 2 3 buttons next to the ball which you use just like mouse

buttons now the advantage of track balls over Mouse is that the trackball is stationary so it does not require much

space to use it in addition you can place a trackball on any type of surface including your lap for these reasons

track balls of popular pointing devices for portable pootis the next we have a joystick

joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen it is a stick having a

spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends the lowest fee Racal ball moves in a socket the joystick can be

moved in all four directions the function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse it is mainly used in computer

aided design and playing computer games in the next we have light pin you can see the diagram of the Lightning so

light pin is basically a pointing device which is similar to a pen and it is used

to select a displayed menu item or drop pictures on the monitor screen it consists of a photocell and an optical

system placed in a small tube when the tip of the light pen is moved over the

monitor screen and pen button is pressed its photocell sensing element it takes the screen location and sends the

corresponding signal to the CPU so this is about light pen then we have optical

scanners so these devices are used for automatic data collection the devices of

this category completely eliminates manual input of data for example the barcode reader is actually just a

special type of image scanner and image scanner translates printed images into

an electronic format that can be stored in a computer's memory and with the

right kind of software one can alter a stored image another example of scanner is pickle character reader so let's see

the diagram also this is an optical character reader then we have a barcode reader this is showing how a handheld

device you know you can use a barcode reader and you can scan this codes so barcode reader is a device which is used

for reading bar coded data and bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods

numbering the books etc it may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a

stationary scanner barcode reader scans a barcode image converts it into alphanumeric values which is then fed

into the computers and to which the barcode reader is connected so we also

have optical mark reader so you all must have written

some of the other exams right entrance exams so you must have filled in omr sheets

so these are my sheets are basically are fed into optical mark readers so it is

basically a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil so it is used

where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked and it is specially very very helpful in checking

the answer sheets of the examinations having multiple-choice questions the next is the touch screen and the form of

input is touch screen so here the input can be given through the computer screen

that accepts the input through monitor users touch electronic buttons displayed

on the screen or they may use light pin nowadays smartphones laptops TVs ATM

machines all are using touchscreen panel the next input device which is the

microphone so microphone is an input device which takes input as a voice so

we have seen the input devices now let us see the output devices so what is an output device output device returns

processed data that is information back to the user so output devices return processed data that is information back

to the user some of the commonly used output devices are monitor printers

plotter speakers let us see them one by one so we have got monitor so monitor is

the most common output device that is being used so people interact with this

device most intensively than any other device computer information is displayed

visually with a video adapter card and monitor now information processed which

is within the CPU that needs to be visualized displayed is sent to the video adapter the video adapter converts

information from the format used in the same manner as a television displays information sent to a cable service

basically there are two types of monitors CRT that is cathode ray tube

and we have flat panel display flat panel display it may use a technology of LCD that is

liquid crystal display or it may use LED that is light emitting diode display so

basically CRT cathode ray tube monitor is a typical monitor that you can see on

a desktop computer it looks a lot like the old-style television screen and

works the same way these monitors have a stream of intense high-energy electrons

which is used to form images on a fluorescent screen a cathode ray tube is

basically a vacuum tube containing an electron gun at one end fluorescent

screen at the other end so under the flat panel a monitor or it uses liquid

crystal display so basically it this uses a cold cathode fluorescent backlighting in case of LED displays

what happens is we have the light emitting diodes in which a backlighting

is done and LED monitors are set to use much lesser power than the CRT and LCD

and are considered far more environment-friendly the only disadvantage is that CRT is the least

costliest then is the LCD and the most costliest one is the LED so that is it

is environment friendly but it is costly the next we have the various types of printers so printers come various forms

so let's say after a document is created on a computer and maybe I want a hard

copy so how do I take their hard copy so I can take the hard copy of document

using a printer some printers offer special features such as colored and

large page formats so printers come in many forms so we have got a laser

printer we have got an inkjet printer we have got a dot matrix printer line

printer ok so let's consider a laser printer first so laser printer is basically produces

high quality print that one normally finds in publishing it is extremely fast and quiet

moreover the operation of a laser printer is easy with automatic paper

loading and no smudging or messing up of ink ribbons is there the fastest laser

printer can print up to 200 pages per minute in monochrome and up to hundred pages per minute in color let's go to

the inkjet printer an inkjet printer is like a laser printer but it uses ink

cartridges so basically it creates an image directly on paper by spraying ink

through as many as 64 tiny nozzles and although the image it produces is not

generally quite as sharp as the output of a laser printer but the quality of the inject images is still high then

let's come to the dot matrix printer so dot matrix is the oldest one which is

being used it is a one type of an impact printer so it was a very popular at one

point of time so it is very versatile and inexpensive output device in dot matrix printer the printhead physically

hits the paper hence the name impact through the ribbon and produces text or

images by combination of dots hence the name dot matrix printer its speed is

measured in characters per second although it is less expensive but it is louder slower and produces lower quality

print we also have another form which is called a line printer here you can see

the image so a line printer is basically used with large computer systems to

produce text-based data processing reports line printers are high speed printers with speeds ranging anywhere

from hundred to about thirty eight hundred lines per minute in the past print quality on line printers was not

very high but developments in the technology are improving the print quality on line printers also so these

are are in the cost ranges of relaxed rupees the next output device we have is a plotter so where do we use plotters if

we have printers why are we using plotter so plotter is basically a special kind of output device that like

a printer produces images on paper but does so in a different way plotters are

designed to produce large drawings or images such as construction plans for buildings blueprints for mechanical

objects an array of different colored pens in a clip rack and robotic arm is

part of a plotter the instruction that the plotter picks up the appropriate coordinates drops the

pen down to the surface of the paper and draws to the ending coordinates plotters draw curves by creating a sequence of

very short straight lines so plotters are off you can see two categories of plotters are they're flatbed plotter and

drum plotters you can see the diagram so flatbed plotters are basically meant to

be kept on table with restriction of paper size and we have drum plotters which are of big size using rolls of

paper of unlimited length then the next device output device is a speaker we all

are aware it basically outputs sounds so we have seen hardware devices we have

seen the CPU we have seen the input devices we have seen the output devices but you know without software hardware

cannot do anything in a computer so software refers to a set of programs a set of instructions returned in a

computer language that makes the hardware perform a particular set of tasks in a particular manner so as

software so be it or your operating system be it your you know word

processing systems all these are different types of software so you can classify the software into two

categories system software and application software system software's are set of programs responsible for

running the computer controlling various operations of computer systems and management of computer resources

operating system falls under this category and OS is a system software that provides an interface for a user to

communicate with the computer manages hardware devices like the disk drives

keyboard monitor whatever you saw right now and it manages and maintains disk file systems and supports application

programs some popular operating systems are UNIX Windows Linux etc then we have

utility softwares what are these now these are programs that bridge the gap between the functionality of an OS and

the needs of the user utility programs a broad category of software such as you know maybe you require to compress a

file and compress a file or antivirus software maybe you want to split or join files so these type of softwares are

considered as you ladies of quiz the next we have application software's application

software is a set of programs which are written to perform specific tasks for example an application package for

managing library is known as a library information system and it is used to manage information of library such as

keeping book details account holder details book issue details book return

details etc another application package can be managing student details in the form of student information system which

can manage students roll number name parents name address class section processing of examination results etc

application software can also be broadly classified into two types generalized packages and customized packages so

generalized packages you have various examples so these are basically word processing software spreadsheets

presentations database management system graphics tool generalized packages are

basically user-friendly software written to cater to users very general needs such as preparing documents drawing

pictures as you can see in the list then we next we have customized packages so customized packages are application

softwares wherein you have to customize to meet a specific requirement of an organization or institution so let's say

for example student information details payroll packages inventory control so usually these packages are written in a

high-level computer language high-level computer language we will be learning about computer language in the next slide so we have different computer

languages also so as V and you are speaking Hindi English to understand each other and many more languages

similarly the computers also need to under have one particular language and the language also should have some

syntax so we have got a different classification of the computer language we have got low level language as you

can see this is the machine language which is in terms of zeros and ones this was the language being used in the very

beginning in fact and then we have a 70 language where and we use mnemonics in the form of add mul so this ad indicates

addition this indicates this model indicates multiplication nowadays we all use high level language and high level

languages examples are C C++ Java COBOL basic Pascal and you can see a code

snippet from a C C++ language we're in you know everything is very clear so this is the speciality of

high-level language it is very very close to English that we speak so when

we are talking about computer languages and you know the computers understand machine level language so hence we

require compilers and assemblers so you can see over your compiler converts a source program in high-level

language to an object program that is in machine language we similarly have an assembler where in an assembly language

program is converted to machine language program so we come to the learning outcomes so what we learnt in this

particular video we learnt what a computer is and its applications we learned the characteristics of a

computer we learned the main components of the computer the CPU the ALU in the

CPU has ALU memory unit and the control unit then we we have we learned the

various input devices we learnt about the various output devices we learnt software and its types we learnt the

computer languages high low level languages and we also learned compiler and assembler so from this video viewers

learners have studied about basics of computer thank you so much